Karyotype

• A karyotype refers to the complete set of chromosomes in an organism.
• It is typically organized by size, shape, and number for analysis.
• Used to identify genetic abnormalities, chromosomal disorders, or gender determination.
• Karyotyping is often performed using blood samples, bone marrow, or amniotic fluid cells.

DNA Replication

• DNA replication is the process of producing two identical copies from one original DNA molecule.
• It occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle before cell division.
• Key enzymes include helicase, DNA polymerase, and ligase.
• The process follows a semi-conservative mechanism, where each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.